{"id":12813,"date":"2018-03-02T13:03:04","date_gmt":"2018-03-02T13:03:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/artout.ro\/reviste\/blog\/?p=12813"},"modified":"2018-03-02T13:03:04","modified_gmt":"2018-03-02T13:03:04","slug":"in-kenya-oamenii-primesc-venituri-de-baza-timp-de-12-ani-intr-un-experiment-social","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.artout.ro\/lounge\/social-societate\/in-kenya-oamenii-primesc-venituri-de-baza-timp-de-12-ani-intr-un-experiment-social\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00cen Kenya oamenii primesc venituri de baz\u0103 timp de 12 ani \u00eentr-un experiment social"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mii de oameni din Kenya primesc venituri de baz\u0103 timp de 12 ani \u00eentr-un experiment care ar putea redefini bun\u0103starea social\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga lume<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u00cen zeci de sate kenyene, mii de oameni sunt \u00eenscri\u0219i \u00eentr-un experiment prin care care li se ofera aproape dublu venitul lor normal de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 12 ani.<\/p>\n

Experimentul testeaz\u0103 „venitul de baza universal”, o idee de reducere a s\u0103r\u0103ciei care stabile\u0219te un nivel al veniturilor.<\/p>\n

GiveDirectly, organiza\u021bia caritabil\u0103 care desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 experimentul, va analiza datele privind cheltuielile pentru a afla cum veniturile de baz\u0103 afecteaz\u0103 factori precum calitatea vie\u021bii \u0219i egalitatea de sex.<\/p>\n

Adeptii venitului de baza consider\u0103 c\u0103 studiul ar putea transforma modul \u00een care guvernele din \u00eentreaga lume percep bun\u0103starea social\u0103.<\/p>\n

WESTERN KENYA – \u00centr-un sat din Kenya, o imagine definitorie prezinta vacile cu coastele vizibile care se plimb\u0103 pe c\u00e2mpuri s\u0103 pasc\u0103. Zona rural\u0103 este extins\u0103, arid\u0103 \u0219i, mai presus de toate, este s\u0103rac\u0103.<\/p>\n

Convocati la o \u00eent\u00e2lnire comunitar\u0103 \u00een octombrie 2016, s\u0103tenii au ascultat mesajul reprezentantului organiza\u021biei caritabile GiveDirectly, care anun\u021ba planurile organiza\u021biei de a oferi fiec\u0103ruia un salariu standard doar pentru a se putea intre\u021bine. Pl\u0103\u021bile f\u0103ceau parte dintr-un sistem cunoscut ca venit de baz\u0103 universal sau UBI.<\/em> GiveDirectly’s a fost pe cale s\u0103 devin\u0103 cel mai mare astfel de experiment realizat vreodat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dupa patruzeci de luni de la lansarea studiului, GiveDirectly declara c\u0103 are dovezi c\u0103 UBI reduce s\u0103r\u0103cia \u0219i c\u0103 unele dintre cele mai mari preocup\u0103ri cu privire la acordarea de venituri oamenilor sunt nefondate.<\/p>\n

\u0218i \u00een timp ce criticii sus\u021bin c\u0103 venitul de baz\u0103 \u00eencurajeaz\u0103 oamenii s\u0103 formeze obiceiuri proaste, oamenii din satul vizat de GiveDirectly \u00ee\u0219i reconstruiesc mai degrab\u0103 acoperi\u0219urile \u0219i pl\u0103tesc pentru educa\u021bia copiilor lor dec\u00e2t s\u0103 renun\u021be la locul de munc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i iroseasc\u0103 vie\u021bile.<\/p>\n

Odat\u0103 o idee radical\u0103, UBI este implementat momentan in aproape dou\u0103sprezece \u021b\u0103ri \u0219i ora\u0219e din \u00eentreaga lume.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 beneficiarii din satul kenyan vizat de GiveDirectly demonstreaz\u0103 c\u0103 modelul UBI poate func\u021biona, guvernele care urm\u0103resc experimentul ar putea \u00eencepe s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i reg\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 politicile de bun\u0103stare social\u0103 \u0219i, cu ajutorul cercet\u0103rii complementare corecte, vor adopta programe de venituri care ar putea ridica miliarde de oameni din s\u0103r\u0103cie.<\/p>\n

Transformarea unui sat cu ajutorul venitului de baz\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen c\u00e2teva s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni dup\u0103 ce GiveDirectly a vizitat satul respectiv, fiecare locuitor care a locuit acolo timp de cel pu\u021bin un an – 95 de persoane – a \u00eenceput s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 o suma lunar\u0103 suplimentar\u0103 de 22 de dolari, dubl\u00e2nd efectiv venitul majorit\u0103\u021bii oamenilor. Ei vor continua s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 banii \u00een urm\u0103torii 12 ani, f\u0103r\u0103 nicio condi\u021bionare.<\/p>\n

\u00cen noiembrie 2017, organiza\u021bia de caritate a extins proiectul \u00eentr-un studiu mult mai amplu, care a implicat 16.000 de persoane din 120 de sate. Dintre acestea 120, 40 vor primi suma de 22 de dolari lunar timp de 12 ani. Restul de 80 \u00eel vor primi doar pentru doi ani. Alte 100 de sate nu primesc bani \u0219i servesc drept sate de control.<\/p>\n

Destinatarii din satul pilot s-au bucurat de mici schimb\u0103ri privind stilul de via\u021b\u0103, care par s\u0103 fi produs c\u00e2\u0219tiguri semnificative \u00een bun\u0103starea psihologic\u0103. Interviurile cu aproape doisprezece participan\u021bi au dezv\u0103luit c\u0103 banii \u00een plus dau oamenilor o lini\u0219te sufleteasc\u0103 pe care nu o \u0219tiau anterior.<\/p>\n

\"kenya<\/p>\n

Directoarea regional\u0103 GiveDirectly, Caroline Teti, arat\u0103 cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 sistemul.<\/span><\/p>\n

Edwin Odongo Anyango intampina dificultati pana si la procurarea laptelui \u00eenainte de a \u00eencepe s\u0103 primeasca bani. Acum muncitorul \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 de 30 de ani \u0219i familia sa se bucur\u0103 \u0219tiind c\u0103 pot consuma lapte oric\u00e2nd. Maurice Owiti, un \u00eenso\u021bitor \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 de 47 de ani, a declarat c\u0103 se simte mai liber \u0219i c\u0103 exist\u0103 o tensiune mai mic\u0103 \u00eentre el \u0219i so\u021bia sa. Peres Riako Onywero Obambo, \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 de 75 de ani, nu mai trebuie s\u0103 o roage pe fiica sa din Nairobi sa il ajute cu bani.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0– Pot s\u0103 v\u0103 spun c\u0103 acest sat s-a schimbat, declara Obambo. „Vie\u021bile oamenilor s-au schimbat, nu mai avem conflicte, exist\u0103 pace \u00een acest sat, pentru c\u0103 oamenii se privesc ca \u0219i cum ar fi egali.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Experimentele GiveDirectly sunt \u00eenc\u0103 complicate<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cei care traiesc in satul ales de GiveDirectly traiesc in cabane de noroi cu acoperi\u0219uri de fier. Unul din cazuri il reprezinta Margaret Abagi \u0219i Mary Adhiambo, dou\u0103 femei, care dau impresia ca sunt mam\u0103 \u0219i fiic\u0103.<\/p>\n

Abagi are 70 de ani, cu ochi bl\u00e2nzi \u0219i un z\u00e2mbet mare. Adhiambo are 40 de ani \u0219i este o prezen\u021b\u0103 mai impun\u0103toare. Adhiambo este \u00eengrijitoarea lui Abagi \u0219i so\u021bia unuia din nepotii lui Abagi. S-a mutat \u00een sat cu aproape un an \u00een urm\u0103, atunci cand GiveDirectly a anun\u021bat proiectul s\u0103u de 12 ani.<\/p>\n

Proiectul\u00a0 a \u00eenscris oameni pe baz\u0103 de reziden\u021b\u0103, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 o parte de oameni nu a\u00a0 fost inclusa in program. Abagi, un rezident veteran, a fost \u00eenscrisa; Adhiambo, un nou venit, nu a fost. Patruzeci de luni mai t\u00e2rziu, Abagi \u0219i-a cheltuit banii facand imbunatatiri la ferma sa, cumparand materiale pentru a-\u0219i repara casa \u0219i medicamente. Adhiambo continu\u0103 s\u0103 lucreze pentru 35 de dolari pe lun\u0103. Salariul ei este singurul ei venit.<\/p>\n

Configurarea pare rezonabil\u0103. Un beneficiar \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 beneficiaz\u0103 de un program de asisten\u021b\u0103 social\u0103, \u00een timp ce un rezident mai mic c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 o via\u021b\u0103 cinstit\u0103. Dar fiul lui Abagi este profesor, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-l cel mai bogat om din sat. Abagi \u00ee\u0219i poate permite repara\u021biile la domiciliu \u0219i medicamentele.<\/p>\n

\u00centre timp, casa lui Adhiambo a ars \u00een urm\u0103 cu trei ani. Ea a fost for\u021bat\u0103 s\u0103 v\u00e2nd\u0103 un taur pentru a-\u0219i reface via\u021ba. Scaune sau haine noi sunt considerate acum „vise mari”.<\/p>\n

Rela\u021bia celor dou\u0103 femei este o reamintire a faptului c\u0103, at\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t veniturile de baz\u0103 se afl\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een stadiul experimental, avand si persoane neincluse in program, vor exista \u00eentotdeauna dezechilibre aparent nedrepte.<\/p>\n

Costurile distructive sunt rare, dar exista si astfel de cazuri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Agrippa Agida Onywero Krispo, \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 de 40 de ani, \u0219i-a scos telefonul \u0219i a inceput sa-l butoneze. St\u0103team \u00een fa\u021ba casei mamei lui Krispo, la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii noiembrie, sub umbra milostiv\u0103 a unui copac. Purta un tricou de fotbal galben, incaltaminte rupta \u0219i fara \u0219osete.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva clipe, Krispo a deschis M-Pesa, aplica\u021bia pe care el, fiecare s\u0103tean \u0219i milioane de oameni din aproximativ zece \u021b\u0103ri o utilizeaz\u0103 pentru servicii bancare mobile. O dat\u0103 pe lun\u0103, GiveDirectly transfera chivalentul a aproximativ 22 USD \u00een conturile M-Pesa ale destinatarilor. Beneficiarii merg apoi \u0219apte minute \u00een jos pe o autostrad\u0103 spre un stand local M-Pesa, unde un chiria\u0219 ia o tax\u0103 mic\u0103 \u0219i d\u0103 plata \u00een numerar.<\/p>\n

Krispo \u0219i-a folosit pl\u0103\u021bile recente pentru a reconstrui o parte din locuin\u021ba sa, a \u00eenregistra un CD \u0219i a pariat la evenimente sportive. El a spus c\u0103 trateaz\u0103 jocurile de noroc ca un fel de strategie de investi\u021bii – o modalitate de a transforma rapid 10 dolari \u00een 50 de dolari, pe care el ii poate folosi apoi pentru achizi\u021bii mai sensibile cum ar fi hrana \u0219i hainele.<\/p>\n

Jocurile de noroc il ajut\u0103, de asemenea, pe Krispo s\u0103 recupereze pierderile pe care le-a suferit recent de la \u00eenregistrarea CD-ului s\u0103u, a spus el. Dup\u0103 ce Krispo a terminat albumul, partenerul s\u0103u de \u00eenregistrare a disp\u0103rut cu banii pentru realizarea copiilor de v\u00e2nzare.<\/p>\n

„Pentru urm\u0103torul meu proiect voi fi mai atent”, a spus Krispo. „Nu voi face aceea\u0219i gre\u0219eal\u0103 pentru c\u0103 m\u0103 g\u00e2ndesc la acei bani investi\u021bi \u00een produc\u021bie, nu-i mai pot recupera acum \u0219i sunt foarte sup\u0103rat”.<\/p>\n

Atunci c\u00e2nd o organiza\u021bie sau un organism de conducere ofera bani astfel, face acest lucru cu \u00een\u021belegerea faptului c\u0103 un procent din oameni vor cheltui banii pentru activit\u0103\u021bi riscante, cum ar fi jocurile de noroc \u0219i \u00eenregistrarea muzicii \u00een loc de nevoi de baz\u0103. Adeptii sus\u021bin adesea c\u0103 este vorba de o cre\u0219tere a venitului de baz\u0103, deoarece oamenii pot urm\u0103ri proiecte de crea\u021bie \u00een loc s\u0103 se ab\u021bin\u0103 de la o slujb\u0103 de zi.<\/p>\n

Dar cheltuielile distructive sunt rare, potrivit lui Caroline Teti, directorul de teren al GiveDirectly din Kenya.<\/p>\n

„Oamenii au nevoi”, declara Teti. „Mai ales \u00een comunit\u0103\u021bile s\u0103race, cum ar fi aceasta, dac\u0103 primesc un venit de baz\u0103, acesta merge direct spre aceste nevoi”.<\/p>\n

Beneficii sprijinite de date<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dovezile organizatiei GiveDirectly au c\u00e2teva date \u00een spate. \u00cen 2016, cercet\u0103torii din cadrul B\u0103ncii Mondiale, David Evans \u0219i Anna Popova, au publicat un studiu care a constatat c\u0103 achizitia de alcool \u0219i \u021big\u0103ri – „bunuri de tenta\u021bie” – a r\u0103mas la aceleasi cote, \u00een unele cazuri \u00a0a sc\u0103zut atunci c\u00e2nd oamenii din \u021b\u0103ri subdezvoltate primesc bani printr-un model asem\u0103n\u0103tor cu venitul de baz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum a declarat Evans recent pentru Business Insider, acest lucru nu a fost un rezultat a\u0219teptat. \u00cen multe modele economice, vanzarile la alcoolul tind s\u0103 creasca mai mult pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce venitul cre\u0219te.<\/p>\n

El \u0219i Popova au descoperit dou\u0103 mecanisme cheie la joc. Primul a fost c\u0103 banii au fost deseori distribui\u021bi femeilor din gospod\u0103rie, ceea ce a dus la cheltuieli mai mari pentru alimente sau taxe de \u0219colarizare dec\u00e2t in situatia cand b\u0103rba\u021bii i-au primit. C\u00e2nd b\u0103rba\u021bii primesc banii, aveau mai multe \u0219anse s\u0103-i cheltuiasc\u0103 pe bunuri cum ar fi alcoolul.<\/p>\n

\u00cen plus, echipa a descoperit un „efect de etichetare” pozitiv. Fiecare transfer a venit cu „eticheta” verbal\u0103 c\u0103 banii au fost destina\u021bi nevoilor gospod\u0103riei. Nu exista nici o amenin\u021bare cu pedeapsa. Destinatarilor stiau doar ca „Ace\u0219ti bani sunt pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi via\u021ba copiilor dvs.” sau „Ace\u0219ti bani sunt pentru a v\u0103 ajuta afacerea”.<\/p>\n

„Dac\u0103 \u00eei spui oamenilor c\u0103 banii sunt pentru un anumit lucru”, a spus Evans, „atunci sunt mai multe sanse ca ei s\u0103-ii cheltuiasc\u0103 pentru acel lucru”.<\/p>\n

„Nu trebuie s\u0103 stau \u0219i s\u0103-mi a\u0219tept so\u021bul”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Satenii din studiul pilot al GiveDirectly primesc venituri de baz\u0103 de peste un an, iar p\u00e2n\u0103 acum oamenii au raportat at\u00e2t celor de la GiveDirectly, c\u00e2t \u0219i celor de la Business Insider o serie de beneficii tangibile. Oamenii spun c\u0103 se pot asigura un trai mai bun copiilor lor, iar femeile declar\u0103 c\u0103 s-au sim\u021bit mai egale cu so\u021bii lor, din moment ce nu se mai bazeaz\u0103 pe venitul unui b\u0103rbat pentru a supravie\u021bui.<\/p>\n

„Ace\u0219ti bani mi-au schimbat cu adev\u0103rat via\u021ba”, a declarat Monica Atieno Aswan, \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 de 28 de ani. Chiar dac\u0103 nu are bani, poate \u00eemprumuta de la al\u021bii \u0219tiind c\u0103 va primi banii \u00een cele din urm\u0103 pentru a-\u0219i pl\u0103ti datoriile. „Dac\u0103 trebuie sa merg la o \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare \u0219i am nevoie de bani pentru autobuz, nu trebuie s\u0103 stau \u0219i s\u0103-l a\u0219tept pe so\u021bul meu”.<\/p>\n

So\u021bul lui Aswan este b\u0103tr\u00e2nul satului. Rela\u021bia lor este mai neobisnuita, a spus ea, deoarece gospod\u0103ria lor era stabil\u0103 chiar \u00eenainte de venitul de baz\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen trecut, Aswan a auzit numeroase povestiri \u00een sat despre so\u021bi venind acas\u0103 dup\u0103 o zi lung\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a obtine profit de pe urma vanzarii pe\u0219telui sau fructelor \u0219i frustrarea lor era care era adesea expusa prin violen\u021b\u0103. Dar, dup\u0103 ce a \u00eenceput experimentul cu venituri de baz\u0103, a auzit c\u0103 aceste cazuri au sc\u0103zut.<\/p>\n

„Ace\u0219ti bani au ajutat femeile. Este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 astfel ele au primit o voce”, a spus Aswan. \u00cen cazul \u00een care unele femei se bazau \u00een cea mai mare parte pe arderea c\u0103rbunelui pentru a face bani, acum pot s\u0103 foloseasca economiile \u0219i s\u0103 lucreze la proiecte personale. „De asemenea, pot ajuta \u00een luarea deciziilor casei \u0219i so\u021bii lor le respect\u0103 mai mult”.<\/p>\n

Teoriile din spatele veniturilor de baz\u0103 sunt vehiculate de secole<\/strong><\/p>\n

GiveDirectly efectueaz\u0103 cel mai mare experiment privind venitul de baz\u0103 din istorie, dar nu a inventat ideea. Banii oferiti prin aceasta metoda, ca politic\u0103 social\u0103 dateaz\u0103 din secolul al XVI-lea, c\u00e2nd umanistul spaniol Juan Luis Vives a laudat in discursurile si scrierile sale bun\u0103starea necondi\u021bionat\u0103.<\/p>\n

„Chiar \u0219i cei care \u0219i-au risipit averea ducand o via\u021b\u0103 dezl\u0103n\u021buit\u0103 – prin jocuri, nebunii, lux excesiv, l\u0103comie- ar trebui s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 m\u00e2ncare pentru ca nimeni s\u0103 nu moar\u0103 de foame”, a scris el \u00een 1526.<\/p>\n

\u00cen urm\u0103toarele c\u00e2teva secole, economi\u0219tii \u0219i activi\u0219tii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 teoretize mai formal despre un „venit minim” sau „venit garantat”.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1967, Martin Luther King Jr. \u0219i-a declarat sprijinul \u00eentr-un discurs dat la Universitatea Stanford. „Mi se pare c\u0103 mi\u0219carea drepturilor civile trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 acum s\u0103 se organizeze pentru venitul anual garantat \u0219i s\u0103 mobilizeze for\u021bele” pentru a rezolva „problema economic\u0103 cu care mul\u021bi oameni s\u0103raci se confrunt\u0103 \u00een tara noastr\u0103”.<\/p>\n

\u00cen jurul perioadei \u00een care Teti se ocupa cu \u00eenscrierile in randul s\u0103tenilor kenyeni, \u00een octombrie 2016, \u00een Oakland, California incubatorul de pornire Y Combinator lansa propriul studiu pilot. Acest proces a implicat cativa locuitori care au primit \u00eentre 1.000 \u0219i 2.000 de dolari pe lun\u0103. \u00cen septembrie 2017, YC a anun\u021bat c\u0103 va extinde \u00een cele din urm\u0103 procesul pentru a include 3.000 de persoane \u00een dou\u0103 state.<\/p>\n

Una dintre m\u0103surile cheie va fi modul \u00een care rela\u021bia oamenilor cu locul de munc\u0103 se schimb\u0103 odat\u0103 ce \u00eencep s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 bani in plus pentru nimic in schimb.<\/p>\n

„Ceea ce este neclar pentru mine este dac\u0103 oamenii vor fi mai ferici\u021bi, sau suntem at\u00e2t de dependen\u021bi de slujba noastr\u0103 crezand ca asta ne va aduce \u00een\u021belegere \u0219i \u00eemplinire?” a declarat pentru Business Insider Sam Altman, pre\u0219edintele YC. „Oamenii fac leg\u0103tura cu comunitatea \u0219i societatea lor prin munc\u0103 \u0219i cred c\u0103 contribuie la coeziunea noastr\u0103 na\u021bional\u0103”.<\/p>\n

Experimentele recente au o abordare diferit\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de venitul de baz\u0103. \u00cen 2017, 2000 de cet\u0103\u021beni finlandezi \u0219omeri au \u00eenceput s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 o sum\u0103 suplimentar\u0103 de 600 de dolari pe lun\u0103. \u00cen Ontario, Canada, aproximativ 4.000 de persoane cu venituri mici au \u00eenceput s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 venituri de baz\u0103 de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 17.000 de dolari pe an.<\/p>\n

Mai multe experimente asemanatoare dar mai mici au fost discutate \u0219i \u00een India, Italia, Sco\u021bia, Uganda \u0219i Olanda, iar un grup de sustinatori pentru veniturile de baz\u0103, denumit Proiectul de Securitate Economic\u0103, a declarat c\u0103 va \u00eencepe \u00een cur\u00e2nd s\u0103 finan\u021beze un proiect \u00een Stockton, California, condus de primarul Michael Tubbs.<\/p>\n

„C\u00e2nd a \u00eenceput acest program, ni s-a spus c\u0103 va fi un lucru important \u00een \u00eentreaga lume \u0219i c\u0103 \u00eentreaga lume va veni aici”, a declarat Edwin Odongo Anyango. Unii oameni au fost suficient de sceptici pentru a renun\u021ba la experiment. Acum, declara Anyango, cei care au refuzat sau s-au mutat prea t\u00e2rziu \u00een sat regreta acest lucru.<\/p>\n

In anul in care Anyango a inceput sa primeasca bani de la GiveDirectly, el a reusit sa se bazeze pe economiile sale sa acopere taxele pre\u0219colare pentru unul dintre copiii sai si sa cumpere o noua saltea, un dulap si perne de buna calitate pentru canapeaua lui. So\u021bia lui, de asemenea, incadrata in program, a reu\u0219it s\u0103-\u0219i creasc\u0103 afacerea v\u00e2nz\u00e2nd haine second-hand.<\/p>\n

„Dac\u0103 ace\u0219ti bani urmau s\u0103 fie acorda\u021bi tuturor, acesta ar fi un lucru foarte bun”, declara Anyango. „Ace\u0219ti bani creeaz\u0103 speran\u021b\u0103. \u0218i c\u00e2nd oamenii au speran\u021b\u0103, sunt ferici\u021bi”.<\/p>\n

Un influx de numerar modific\u0103 modul \u00een care oamenii isi gestioneaza finan\u021bele<\/strong><\/p>\n

Afluxul de bani a stimulat tendin\u021bele locale \u00een finan\u021barea personal\u0103. \u00cen fiecare lun\u0103, s\u0103tenii pun o parte din banii lor la comun, suma care se rote\u0219te \u00eentre beneficiari. Ei o numesc „masa bancar\u0103”. Suma poate varia u\u0219or de la o lun\u0103 la alta, dar este \u00eentotdeauna mult mai mare dec\u00e2t plata lunar\u0103 individual\u0103. Anyango a spus c\u0103 permite oamenilor s\u0103 cumpere bunuri la pre\u021buri mai ridicate sau s\u0103 investeasc\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreprinderi mici atunci c\u00e2nd este r\u00e2ndul lor.<\/p>\n

„Ei \u0219tiu c\u0103 la o anumit\u0103 dat\u0103 primesc bani”, a spus el. „C\u00e2nd \u0219ti\u021bi c\u0103 primiti bani, v\u0103 pute\u021bi planifica \u00eentotdeauna via\u021ba \u00een jurul acestei sume”.<\/p>\n

Unii exper\u021bi in veniturile de baz\u0103 au \u00eendoieli c\u0103 succesul timpuriu al GiveDirectly se va traduce \u00een \u00eentreaga lume. \u00cei \u00eengrijoreaz\u0103 \u00een parte c\u0103 persoanele din \u021b\u0103rile cu venituri mai mari nu vor folosi banii la fel de productiv, deoarece problemele lor financiare pot p\u0103rea insurmontabile.<\/p>\n

Teti a recunoscut c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 suficiente date pentru a \u0219ti dac\u0103 venitul de baz\u0103 va func\u021biona peste tot, deoarece s\u0103tenii kenyeni folosesc mai des banii pentru supravie\u021buire, nu pentru confort. Dar din perspectiva ei, viitorul este promi\u021b\u0103tor.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ultimul an, ceea ce am realizat este o \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a modului \u00een care oamenii \u00ee\u0219i concentreaz\u0103 via\u021ba”, a declarat Teti pentru Business Insider. „Nu s-au g\u00e2ndit niciodat\u0103 s\u0103 se g\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 la doi ani, cinci ani, 12 ani \u0219i acum, dup\u0103 un an, pute\u021bi auzi chiar \u0219i de la b\u0103tr\u00e2ni:” Pot s\u0103 \u00eencep s\u0103 m\u0103 g\u00e2ndesc la planificarea vie\u021bii mele,<\/p>\n

Este venitul de baz\u0103 politica fiscal\u0103 a viitorului?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen afara c\u00e2torva probe, aceste dezbateri sunt experimente g\u00e2ndite. Dar poate c\u0103 nu vor ramane \u00a0\u00eentotdeauna atat. Unii economi\u0219ti au prezis c\u0103 inteligen\u021ba artificial\u0103 va \u00eenlocui p\u00e2n\u0103 la jum\u0103tate din for\u021ba de munc\u0103 american\u0103 \u00een deceniile urm\u0103toare, fie prin software de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare automat\u0103, fie prin robotic\u0103. \u0218omajul va fi \u00een cre\u0219tere, arat\u0103 aceste previziuni.<\/p>\n

Unii \u00a0sustinatori din comunitatea tehnic\u0103 – inclusiv Mark Zuckerberg, Richard Branson, Elon Musk \u0219i Sam Altman din YC – sper\u0103 c\u0103 venitul de baz\u0103 ar putea contribui la atenuarea problemei prin distribuirea bog\u0103\u021biei produse de robot c\u0103tre mase.<\/p>\n

„\u00cenc\u0103 nu sunt sigur dac\u0103 venitul de baz\u0103 este politica potrivit\u0103”, a declarat Altman pentru Business Insider, „dar cred c\u0103 ceva \u00een aceast\u0103 direc\u021bie general\u0103 va fi adoptat \u00een cele din urm\u0103 \u00een SUA”.<\/p>\n

GiveDirectly va lansa rezultatele sale la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 2020, declara Teti. \u00centre timp, destinatarii individuali vor servi ca autoritate asupra a ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd oamenii obi\u0219nui\u021bi ob\u021bin bani pentru nimic.<\/p>\n

„Am observat acest sat”, a declarat Agrippa Agida Onywero Krispo. „Nu am v\u0103zut c\u0103 oamenii folosesc bani pentru a lua alcool sau pentru lucruri scumpe.” Oamenii trebuie s\u0103-\u0219i foloseasc\u0103 creierul \u0219i v\u0103d c\u0103 oamenii \u00ee\u0219i folosesc creierul aici \u00een moduri diferite, folosind banii cumparand lucrurile care \u00eei ajut\u0103.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Un material realizat de\u00a0 Carmen Bolea.<\/p>\n

Sursa\u0218 Business Insider<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mii de oameni din Kenya primesc venituri de baz\u0103 timp de 12 ani \u00eentr-un experiment care ar putea redefini bun\u0103starea social\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga lume   \u00cen zeci de sate kenyene, mii de oameni sunt \u00eenscri\u0219i \u00eentr-un experiment prin care care li se ofera aproape dublu venitul lor normal de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 12 ani. Experimentul testeaz\u0103 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12814,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5794],"tags":[2616,5880,5879,5877,836,5457,5876,5878,5670],"class_list":["post-12813","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social-societate","tag-bani","tag-bussiness-insider","tag-carmen-bolea","tag-cetateni","tag-experiment","tag-finante","tag-kenya","tag-material","tag-social-2","entry","has-media","owp-thumbs-layout-horizontal","owp-btn-normal","owp-tabs-layout-horizontal","has-no-thumbnails","has-product-nav"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00cen 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